Jonah Brucker-Cohen talks @ SIGGRAPH ASIA, Sydney Australia, 2023
Jonah Brucker-Cohen talks @ Valid Gains Through Video Games Conference, Monmouth, NJ, March 23, 2024
Jonah Brucker-Cohen talks @ Ars Electronica 2004, Linz, Austria, September 4, 2004
Jonah Brucker-Cohen talks @ Ignite NYC, April 30, 2018
Jonah Brucker-Cohen speaking at Radical Networks 2016, Brooklyn, NY, November 4, 2016
Video from Jonah Brucker-Cohen’s talk at DASER, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., October 16, 2014.
Video from Jonah Brucker-Cohen’s talk at Art Sci Salon, University of Toronto, The Fields Institute for research in Mathematical Sciences, Toronto, Canada , October 10, 2024.
2024
RAID – Talks on Research, A.I., and Design
New INC Headquarters
speaker
New York, NY
December 10
Artificial Intelligence in the Arts
CUNY Graduate Center
Critical AI Experience panelist
New York, NY
November 21
CUNY Graduate Center
CUNY Digital Humanities Initiatives
Lightning Talks
November 19
Toronto Metropolitan University
Rogers Communication Center
Artist talk in New Media Thesis Project Class
Critical Networked Experience
Toronto, Canada
October 11
University of Toronto – LASER Presentation
Critical Networked Experience
Art/Sci Salon, The Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences
Toronto, Canada
October 10
NY Hate Crimes Prevention Art Exhibit
Critical Social Justice Projects
NY, NY
August 8
Valid Gains Through Video Games Conference
“Scrapyard Challenge Workshops: Redesigning the classic arcade controller”
March 23
Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey, USA.
Mouse Mentor Class Visit – Artist Talk
I.S. 95, Brooklyn, NY
March 12
Drawing Machines Course
Artist talk
Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, NY
March 6
Mouse Mentor Class Visit – Artist Talk
I.S. 145, Queens, NY
March 1
SIGGRAPH SPARKS (SIGGRAPH Asia Art Papers Review_
Environmental Inversion Talk
Online
January 26
2023
SIGGRAPH ASIA 2023
Environmental Inversion Talk
December 14
International Convention Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Frontyard Projects
Critical Networked Experience Talk
December 14
Frontyard Projects, Sydney, NSW, Australia
SIGGRAPH ASIA 2023
Panelist: Paper Accepted!: Getting Work Published at SIGGRAPH panel.
December 13
International Convention Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
CUNY Graduate Center
Environmental Inversion Talk
November 14
CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY
Crypto, Art And Climate, RIXC Art Science Festival 2023
Environmental Inversion Presentation
September 22
RIXC, Riga, Latvia (online)
ITP Camp 2023
Human Error Workshop / Talk
June 15
ITP/IMA, New York University, Brooklyn, NY
ITP Camp 2023
Critical Networked Experience Presentation
June 13
ITP/IMA, New York University, Brooklyn, NY
HASTAC: Critical Making and Social Justice 2023
Paper Presentation: “Recontextualizing Software and Hardware Interfaces”
June 9
Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY
Virginia Tech
Artist Talk
February 21
Blacksburg, VA
2022
21st Annual CUNY IT Conference
Human Error – How Integrating Common Errors into Interface Design Can Change Design Thinking
December 1
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY
Montclair State University
Artist Talk
November 28
Montclair, New Jersey
2022 Biennial Symposium on Arts and Technology
Artist talk on “Human Error” Projects
November 11
Ammerman Center, Connecticut College, New London, CT.
Northeastern University
Artist Talk
November 10
Boston, Massachusetts
Cornell Tech
Design Tech Lecture Series
October 25
Cornell Tech, Roosevelt Island, NY, NY
DATA at 20
DATA Founders Talk
October 1
Dublin Art and Technology Association
NCAD Gallery, Dublin 08
Eva London 2022
Short Paper Presentation
July 5
London, United Kingdom, Online
ISEA Barcelona 2022
Artist Talk
June 12
Museum of Contemporary Art Barcelona (MACBA)
Barcelona, Spain
SIGGRAPH SPARKS
Artists’ Games: Critical and Creative Approaches in New Media Art
Lightning Talk about my Weapon of Protest project
March 25
Location: Online
2021
CUNY Digital Humanities Initiatives
Lightning Talk
November 19
Location: Online
New Inc Mentor Event
Artist Talk
November 18
Location: Online
Radical Research Summit
“Critical Networked Experience”
September 29
Location: Vancouver, Canada – Online
POSTSENSORIUM Conference
“Deconstructing The Human Machine Relationship”
September 24
Location: RIXC, Riga, Latvia – Online – Watch this talk at this link: RIXC Talk 2021
College Art Association Annual Conference 2021
New Media Caucus Presentation
February 11
Location: Online
Screenworlds: Net Art and Online Communities
SIGGRAPH Digital Arts Committee
SPARKS: Short Presentations of Artworks & Research for the Kindred Spirit
January 29
Location: Online
2020
CUNY Digital Humanities Initiatives
Lightning Talk
October 28
Location: Online
Northwest Arkansas Tech Summit
New Inc Artist Panel
October 19
Location: Online
Sketching in Hardware 2020
Participant Talk
September 25
Location: Online
Design for Social Innovation
Artist Talk
April 10
School of Visual Arts, NY, NY
Integrated Media
Artist Talk
April 9
The New School, NY, NY
Art After the Internet Course
Artist Talk
March 27
School of Visual Arts, NY, NY
NYC Digital Humanities Week
Artist Talk
February 3
Fordham University, Lincoln Center Campus, New York, NY
2019
Integrated Media Course
Artist Talk
November 14, 2019
Parsons School of Design / The New School, New York, NY
Digital Humanities Institute Lightning Talks
Presentation of 3 Projects
October 30, 2019
The Martin E. Segal Theatre, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY
ITP Camp
Artist Talk
June 20, 2019
Interactive Telecommunications Program, New York University, New York, NY
Creative Tech Week
Lightning Artist Talk
May 10, 2019
New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY
Histories of the Digital Now Panel for artists in the exhibition
Programmed @ The Whitney Museum
Artist Talk on “America’s Got No Talent” collaboration with Katherine Moriwaki
The New School, New York, NY
February 13, 2019
Processing Community Day @ The New School
Artist Talk
New York, NY
February 9, 2019
2018
London College of Communication, School of Design
Artist Talk
London, England, UK
October 19, 2018
Royal Holloway University of London
Artist Talk
London, England, UK
October 18, 2018
ITP CAMP
Artist Talk
Interactive Telecommunications Progam
NYC, NY, USA
June 22, 2018
Ignite NYC
Artist Talk
The New York Hilton Midtown
NYC, NY, USA
April 30, 2018
Re.Frag
Artist Talk
Parsons Paris
Paris, France
March 31, 2018
Introduction to New Media Art
Artist Talk – Part 2
University of Virginia
February 13, 2018
Introduction to New Media Art
Artist Talk – Part 1
University of Virginia,
February 8, 2018
HackaDay MAke-It NYC
Speaker
Thoughtworks, NYC
January 24, 2018
2017
Virtualities and Realities “OPEN FIELDS” Conference
Speaker
Arts Academy of Latvia
October 20, 2017
New Media Arts and Social Practices
Panelist
Hwang Gallery, Flushing, NY
September 23, 2017
Sketching in Hardware 2017
Speaker
The Masonic Temple of Detroit
Detroit, Michigan, USA
July 30, 2017
Bronx Tech Ed Showcase
Speaker
Bronx Community College, Bronx, New York
April 28, 2017
Codes and Modes: Reframing Reality Conference 2017
Speaker
Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY
March 16-18, 2017
2016
NYU Abu Dhabi Art Gallery
Invited Lecture and Workshop
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
November 20, 2016
Radical Networks
Accepted Talk / Presentation
Brooklyn, NY
November 4-6, 2016
UCLA SCI/ART Nano Lab Summer Institute
Invited Lecture
Los Angeles, California
August 1, 2016
SIGGRAPH 2016
Cross Campus Collaboration Panel
Panel Speaker
Anaheim, California
July 24, 2016
TechTank NYC
Lively Presentation
New York, NY
June 30, 2016
Workshop at CHI 2016
Workshop Participant Talk
San Jose, California
May 7, 2016
2015
Queens College, CUNY, Queens, NY
MA in Media Studies
Invited Lecture
October 28, 2015
Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, NY
The Interactive City: Designing Media for Public Space Course
Invited Lecture
October 6, 2015
NYC Media Lab Annual Summit
Kimmel Center for University Life, New York University, NY, NY
Workshop / Invited Lecture
September 25, 2015
Presentation about SIGGRAPH 2016 Art Gallery
SIGGRAPH 2015
August 9, 2015
Presentation to University of Waterloo Students
Digital Media and Information Communications Technology in Education Program
Lehman College
Invited Lecture
April 30, 2015
Teachers College, Columbia University
iDesign Lab
Invited Lecture
April 22, 2015
Lehman College
Lecture Series
Invited Lecture
February 25, 2015
2014
ITP 35
Artist Talk
December 14
National Academy of Sciences
DASER Event
Invited Lecture
October 16, 2014
Leaders in Software And Art
Invited Lecture
August 12, 2014
Pratt Institute
Invited Lecture
May 22, 2014
Transmediale Festival
Invited Lecture
January 29, 2014
UDK Berlin
Invited Lecture
January 28, 2014
The New York Times R&D Lab
Artist Talk
January 13, 2014
2013
Eyebeam
Invited Lecture
August 20, 2013
Undercurrent
Artist Talk
January 29, 2013
HarvestWorks NYC
Artist Talk
January 18, 2013
Art Center College of Design
Invited Lecture
Pasedena, CA
January 14, 2013
2012
Jonah Brucker-Cohen talk @ UCLA Design/Media Arts, 2012
ISEA, New Mexico
Artist Talk
September 21, 2012
NYC Arts Tech Meetup
Eyebeam Center for Art and Technology
Invited Lecture
May 2, 2012
UCLA
Invited Lecture
Feb 27, 2012
Parsons School of Design
Invited Lecture (Bootcamp)
Feb 4, 2012
2011
Maker Faire
Artist Talk.
September 28
New York Hall of Science, Queens, NY
Eco Arts Festival
Invited Lecture
April 16
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Future Lab Camp:
Invited Lecture
April 8
Metropolitan Exchange, Brooklyn, NY.
School of Visual Arts: Design in Public Spaces Lecture
Invited Lecture
February 9
NY, NY, USA.
Parsons School of Design
Invited Lecture
January 29
NY, NY, USA.
United States Department of State
Scrapyard Challenge Presentation with Katherine Moriwaki
January 13
Washington, D.C., USA.
2010
Hunter College
Invited Lecture
December 6
New York, NY, USA.
Cal Arts
Invited Lecture
March 18
Valencia, CA, USA.
Revolution: Technology as Change
Ammerman Center for Arts and Technology, Connecticutt College
Artist Talk w/ Katherine Moriwaki
March 4-6, 2010.
Beyond the instrument metaphor: new paradigms for interactive media event
Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
Invited Lecture
February 20
New Media/New Terrain: Pioneering a PhD in Creative Research
Panelist
February 12
College Art Association Conference, Hyatt Regenecy, Chicago, IL, USA.
University of Illinois, Chicago
Invited Lecture
February 11
School of Art and Design, Chicago, IL, USA.
Video from Jonah Brucker-Cohen’s talk at IGNITE NYC, @ Yahoo Open Hack, October 9, 2009, NYC, NY.
2009
Science, Fiction and the Visual Arts
Invited Lecture
December 11, 2009
Daneyal Mahmood Gallery, NY, NY, USA.
Internet as Playground and Factory
USER LABOR: CREATIVE RESPONSES Panel
Invited Lecture
November 14, 2009
New School University, NY, NY, USA.
Digital + Media Lecture Series
Invited Lecture
November 11, 2009
Brown University, Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, Ri, USA.
Art and Code
Invited Lecture
November 7, 2009
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
Mobile Art && Code: Jonah Brucker-Cohen from STUDIO for Creative Inquiry on Vimeo.
Dorkbot Canberra
Invited Lecture
October 27, 2009
Canberra Contemporary Art Space, Canberra, Australia.
IGNITE NYC @ Yahoo Open Hack
Invited Lecture
October 9, 2009
Millenium Broadway Hotel, New York, NY, USA.
Pecha Kucha @ ITP 30
Artist Talk
October 3, 2009
Interactive Telecommunications Program, New York Univesity, New York, NY, USA.
DATA 36 @ISEA 2009
Artist Talk
August 22, 2009
Irish Museum of Contemporary Art, Dublin, Ireland
GOSH: Grounding Open Source Hardware
Scrapyard Challenge Talk w/ Katherine Moriwaki
July 15, 2009
Banff Centre for New Media, Banff, Canada
GOSH: Grounding Open Source Hardware
Invited Lecture
July 13, 2009
Banff Centre for New Media, Banff, Canada
FutureSonic Festival
Artist Talk
May 14, 2009
Manchester, UK
The Upgrade Paris!
Invited Lecture
April 24, 2009
Paris, France
Media Lab Prado
Invited Lecture
Feb 10, 2009
Madrid, Spain
2008
School of Visual Arts
Invited Lecture
December 8, 2008
NYC, NY
Sang Sang MaDang Gallery
Artist Talk
November 27, 2008
Seoul, Korea
College of Design and Arts, Hongik University, Jochiwon Campus
Invited Lecture
November 26, 2008
Seoul, Korea
Art.Mov Festival 2008
Invited Lecture
November 22, 2008
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Design Futures: Jonah Brucker-Cohen, 2008
UC Berkeley Design Futures talk series
Invited Lecture
November 5, 2008
University of California at Berkeley, California.
Design Interactions Department
Invited Lecture
October 29, 2008
Royal College of Art, London, UK
Performing Machines
Invited Lecture / Guest Critic
October 21, 2008
Eyebeam Center for Art and Technology, NYC, USA
Conflux Festival
Invited Lecture
Sept 11, 2008
Center for Architecture, NY, NY
Ars Electronica
Conference Symposium Speaker
Sept 4-9, 2008
Linz, Austria
Nokia Design
Invited Lecture
August 21, 2008
Calabasas, CA
Anderson Ranch Arts Center
Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA
Artist Talk
August 14, 2008
CADRE Laboratory for New Media in the School of Art & Design
Invited Lecture
March 18
San Jose State University, San Jose, CA
University of Arts (UdK)
Invited Lecture
January 15
via teleconference to Berlin, Germany
2007
MobileFest
Invited Lecture
December 7
ITP, New York University, (via remote video conference) to Sao Paulo, Brazil
NOW: Meetings in the Present Continuous
Invited Lecture
November 29
CCCB, Barcelona, Spain
Watch my talk on Vimeo here
BLIP! exhibition
Invited Lecture
November 16
Fundacion Telfonica, Lima, Peru
Wieden + Kennedy
Artist Talk
July 19
NY, NY, USA
NIME 2007
Plenary Session Paper Presentation with Katherine Moriwaki
June 9
NY, NY, USA
The Upgrade! NYC
Artist Talk
June 5
Eyebeam, NY, NY, USA
Dorkbot Manchester
Artist Talk
May 11
Manchester, UK
Parsons School of Design
Artist Talk
April 11
NY, NY, USA
Thinc Design
Artist Talk
April 10
NY, NY, USA
Seminar organized by Distance Lab
Artist Talk
January 18
The Green House, Inverness, Scotland, UK, 5:30pm
Poker Club organized by New Media Scotland
Artist Talk
January 16
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
2006
Eyebeam
Artist Talk
December 15
NY, NY, USA
Art74: Introduction to Digital Media
CADRE Laboratory for New Media in the School of Art & Design
Artist Talk
November 21
San Jose State University, San Jose, CA
Web 2.0 Symposium
Artist Talk
October 30
Royal Library, Copenhagen, Denmark
On The Edge
Artist Talk
October 29
Aarhus Art Museum, Aarhus, Denmark
Situated Technologies
Talk
October 20, 10am – 5pm
The Urban Center, NYC
See talk here (Quicktime)
Concordia University
Artist Talk
Sept 11, 6:30PM in VA-210,
Scrapyard Research
Artist Talk
June 21
Dutch Media Art Institute (Nederlands Instituut voor Mediakunst) Keizersgracht 264, Amsterdam
About Face: Interface Creative Engagement in New Media Arts and HCI @ CHI 2006
Talk on MSC
April 22
Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Dorkbot Madrid
Artist Talk
Feb 11
Madrid, Spain
ARS @ ARCO Forum
Artist Talk
Feb 9 @ Madrid Convention Centre
Madrid, Spain
Video Stream of Talk (Windows Media Player – PC Only)
Dorkbot Socal
Artist Talk
Jan 7 @ Machine project
Los Angeles
2005
Pace University
Artist Talk
Nov 10 @ Pace Digital Gallery
NYC
Dorkbot NYC
Artist Talk
Nov 2 @ Location ONE
Soho, NYC
New York University
Artist Talk
October 25 @ Tisch School of the Arts, Photography Dept.
NYC
ANAT New Media Lab
Artist Talk
Oct 8 @ ANAT
Melbourne, Australia
Jonah Brucker-Cohen speaking at SIGGRAPH 2005, Los Angeles, CA, August 4, 2005
SIGGRAPH 2005
Panel Speaker: “How is the Web Growing? Into a
Social Super-Organism or a Mass of Disconnected Information?”
August 4 @ Los Angeles, CA.
Ohio University
Artist Talk
May 26 @ Athens, OH.
Hunter College
Artist Talk
May 4 @ NYC, NY.
SUNY PURCHASE
Artist Talk
April 20 @ Portchester, NY.
Rhode Island School of Design
Artist Talk
April 12 @ Providence, Rhode Island.
ITP
Artist Talk
April 8 @ ITP, NYU, NYC.
UCLA Free Flow Lecture Series
Artist Talk
March 14 @ UCLA, Los Angeles.
USC Interactive Media Division
Artist Talk
March 2 @ USC, Los Angeles.
JiHui Salon
Artist Talk
Feb 25 @ Parsons / New School University, NY.
Urban Gaming Forum
Eyebeam
Artist Talk
Feb 17 @ Eyebeam, NY.
Cuidad Transmobil
Queens Museum of Art
Artist Talk
Feb 5 @ Queens, NY.
2004
Glowlounge
Artist Talk w/Katherine Moriwaki
Sept 16 @ Brooklyn, NY.
Ars Electronica 2004, Jonah Brucker-Cohen, Disruption Panel.
Ars Electronica 2004
DISRUPTION: TimeShift Symposium
w/ Joichi Ito, Bruce Sterling, David Turnbull, and Krzysztof Wodiczko (USA)
Re-visitor talk and panel moderator
Sept 3 @ Linz, Austria.
ISEA 2004
Critical Interaction Design & Wireless Experience Panel
Subversive Networks Talk
Artist Talk
August 19 @ Helsinki, Finland.
DIS2004
Design for Hackability Panel
Artist Talk
August 3 @ Boston, MA, USA.
Dorkbot Barcelona
Artist Talk
July 17 @ Barcelona, Spain.
Outside In
Artist Talk
June 14-15 @ Goteborg, Sweden.
Pescara Electronic Artists Meeting (PEAM)
Artist Talk
May 22 @ Ecoteca, Pescara, Italy.
RAM5 Workshop: “Open Source Media Architecture”
Keynote Speaker
May 2-9 @ Riga, Latvia.
FutureSonic/ Mobile Connections
Artist Talk on Wifi-Hog
April 30 @ Urbis, Manchester, UK.
Ciber-Art Bilbao
Paper presentation (see publications)
April 26 @ Palacio Euskalduna Jauregia, Bilbao, Spain.
The Media Centre (Media Lounge Nights)
SpeakerPhone
Artist Talk
Feb 19 @ Huddersfield, UK.
Transmediale 2004
The Story of BumpList: From Experiment to Community
Feb 3 @ Berlin, Germany.
2003
Sandberg Institute
Guest Lecturer
Oct 24 @ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
ElectroFringe
Masterclass Presentation
Oct 2-6 @ ElectroFringe, Newcastle, Australia.
Next 5 Minutes
Presentation on Wifi-Hog
Sept 13 @ Tactical Tool-Builder Workshop (N5M), Amsterdam, NL.
Code Arena
Presentation on Wifi-Hog
Sept 12 @ Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria.
ITP
Presentation of work
August 29 @ NYU, NYC, USA.
NYC Wireless
Presentation on Wifi-Hog
August 27 @ Bway.net, NYC, USA.
The Upgrade!
Artist Talk
August 26 @ EyeBeam, NYC, USA.
The Digital Hub
Mobilise: Artist Talk
June 10 @ Dublin, Ireland.
Photos from Jonah Brucker-Cohen speaking at the Tate Modern, London, UK, May 9, 2003 –
Panel members: David Ross, Lev Manovich, Joshua Davis, Jonah Brucker-Cohen
USER_MODE
Artist talk
May 9-11 @ Tate Modern, London, UK.
Watch archived talk (RealOne Media)
The Digital Hub
Exhibit 1: Artist Talk
Feb 20 @ Dublin, Ireland.
RAM2
Artist and Presenter
Feb 5-9 @ Oslo, Norway.
Oslo National Academy of the Arts
The Open Forum, The National Academy of Fine Art
Guest Speaker
Feb 7 @ Oslo, Norway.
2002
National College of Art and Design
Artist Talk
December 3 @ Dublin, Ireland
B.Playful Forum
Network Topoligies Panelist
Nov 28-29 @ Sheffield, UK.
M.Sc. Multimedia Systems
Guest Lecturer
Nov 4 @ Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
ISEA
Physical Web Interfaces Poster Session
Oct 27-31 @ Nagoya, Japan.
Association of Internet Researchers: Internet 3.0
Physical Web Interfaces – Creative Presentation
Oct 13-16 @ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
EuroPrix
Selected Judge For Student Content
Sept @ Salzburg, Austria.
UBICOMP 2002
SpeakerPhone Poster Session
Sept 28-Oct 1 @ Gotenborg, Sweden.
Ars Electronica
Artist talk on PoliceState Installation
Sept 9 @ Linz, Austria.
RADICAL
Physical Web Interfaces Presentation
July 8-12 @ Central St. Martins, London, UK.
Interaction Design Course
Guest lecturer
June 8 @ Royal College of Art, London, UK.
Cybersonica
Physical Web Interfaces Presentation
June 6 @ ICA, London, UK.
6th International Browserday
Jury Member / Physical Web Interfaces Presentation
May 17 @ Paradiso, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Physical Web Interfaces Presentation
March 26 @ Faculty of Design and Architecture, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Transmediale.02
Physical Web Interfaces Presentation
February 6 @ Haus De Kulturen De Welt, Berlin, Germany.
2001
5th International Browserday
Physical Web Interfaces Presentation
December 4th @ Volksbuhne Theater, Berlin, Germany.
Media Lab Europe
Physical Web Interfaces Presentation
November 19th @ Dublin, Ireland.
Center for Advanced Visual Studies
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Visiting Artist
October 25 @ Boston, MA, USA.
Nordic Interactive Conference – ElectroHype
Physical Web Interfaces Talk
October 31 – Novemember 4 @ Bella Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Interface Explorer Conference
Talk and Demo
October 18-19 @ Public Netbase Media Center, Vienna, Austria.
Interval Fellows Talk
Sept. 13th @ Interactive Telecommunications Program,Tisch School of the Arts, NYU, NYC, USA.
VoiceXML: WHERE did it come from, WHAT is it, WHY is it interesting and HOW
do you do it?
Panelist
June 14th @ WWWAC event, Canadian Consulate, NYC, USA.
2000
8th Annual New York Digital Salon
Artists Talk
March @ School of Visual Arts, NYC, USA.
Intel Corporation
Artists Talk
October @ Intel Corporation, Portland, Oregon, USA.
